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Estevanico: The Man The Myth, The Legend

NNPA NEWSWIRE — Sometimes called “Mustafa Zemmouri,” “Black Stephen,” “Esteban the Moor” or “Steven Dorantes” (after his owner Andres Dorantes, a Spanish nobleman), Estevanico was a member of the Panfilo de Narvaez 300-man Spanish expedition which arrived in April 1528 near present-day Tampa Bay, Fla. The expedition was largely doomed from the start.
The post Estevanico: The Man The Myth, The Legend first appeared on BlackPressUSA.

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3 years ago

October 3, 2022

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The first Black person in the New World

By Merdies Hayes, Editor | Our Weekly

The history of slavery in the Western Hemisphere has, of course, been well documented but there is one name that is often overlooked in within the posterity of Black people in the New World: Estevanico.

Sometimes called “Mustafa Zemmouri,” “Black Stephen,” “Esteban the Moor” or “Steven Dorantes” (after his owner Andres Dorantes, a Spanish nobleman), Estevanico was a member of the Panfilo de Narvaez 300-man Spanish expedition which arrived in April 1528 near present-day Tampa Bay, Fla. The expedition was largely doomed from the start. This was not uncommon among the list of Spanish conquistadors who ventured to the New World seeking fertile land and untold riches imagined from the artful tales of Giovanni Verrazano who explored the northeast, Cabeza de Vaca in the Gulf of Mexico, Hernando Cortes in Mexico, Hernando de Soto near present-day Florida, and Francisco Pizarro far south in Peru.

Who was Estevanico?

Chroniclers from the 16th Century, who were contemporaries of Estevanico, considered him a Negro. However, modern historians claim he was descended from the Hamites who were White residents of North Africa. According to this theory, Estevanico could not have been Black. Historian Caroll L. Riley has asserted that Estevanico was “Black in the sense that we would use the word in modern America. Actually, in modern generic terms I suspect that Estevanico was very mixed.”

Riley also explained that if Estevanico was considered a “Negro,” his mixture must have been mainly Black. Estevanico in 1513 was sold into slavery to the Portuguese in the town of Azemmour, a Portuguese enclave on Morocco’s Atlantic coast. More contemporary accounts have referred to him as an “Arabized Black” or Moor, the latter term often used for Berber natives. History primarily refers to him as a Black African. A Spaniard, Diego de Guzman, reportedly saw Estevanico in 1536 and described him as “brown.”

Estevanico was reared as a Muslim—with some accounts of him converting to Roman Catholicism—but there is little historical account of his religious conversion.

The natives of one tiny island off the mainland coast (Galveston Island near Texas), encountered a strange sight in 1528: A band of emaciated White men lying naked and near dead on the beach. This group, in large part, was what was left from Narvaez’ expedition with de Vaca serving as its treasurer. Narvaez dreamed of riches when he reached the Florida coast and after finding mere traces of gold, he split the group and dispatched the ships toward the River of Palms (today’s Rio Grande) and took the land force toward a reportedly “rich” city brimming with gold and silver called Apalachen (near Tallahassee, Fla.).

A doomed expedition

Instead of finding their heart’s desire in wealth, the only things encountered in the Florida Panhandle were naked Native Indians, low supplies of food and even less game. The 260-man party lasted two weeks in this region, and eventually set out on makeshift boats with sails made from clothing. This was a fateful mistake. There was practically no food left or fresh water to drink. After constantly bailing water from their rickety crafts (and forced to drink salt water), only a few people survived and made it to shore. Narvaez was lost at sea.

Cortes, for his part, had listened faithfully to these “tales of riches” but found neither a queen called “Califia” nor gold and pearls along the west coast. He did, however, step ashore onto what he believed to be an island (Baja California) finding neither riches or fertile land, but would claim the land for the Spanish crown.

Cabeza de Vaca eventually made it to Mexico with only three men, among them Estevanico. There they recounted the horrors of slavery, starvation, cannibalism and disease which took the lives of 90 men. They reportedly posed as shamans, crossing the land curing sick Indians and attracting quite a following in being labeled “children of the sun” because of their long journey from the east. By the spring of 1529, those four men had traveled on foot along the Texas coast to the environs of Matagorda Bay (about 80 miles northeast of Corpus Christi) only to be captured and enslaved by the Coahuiltecan Indians. Six years later the four men managed to escape their bondage and entered Mexico.

Arriving in Texas

Estevanico was assuredly the first African to traverse Texas. In fact, historians believe he was the first African to visit the indigenous people of Mexico and may have reminded the inhabitants of the ancient sculptures of the Olmec civilization in Mesoamerica (1200-900 B.C.) which depicted persons with Black facial features. Estevanico, by extension, may have been considered by the native population as a descendant of the gods. Some writers have claimed that the Olmecs were related to the peoples of Africa, based primarily on their interpretations of said facial features, even contending that epigraphical and osteological evidence may support their claims. Further, some researchers have claimed that the Mesoamerican writing systems are related to African script. To date, however, genetic and immunological studies over the decades have failed to yield evidence of precolumbian African contributions to the indigenous populations of the Americas.

By 1539, Dorantes had either sold or loaned Estevanico to Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza, who later assigned him to the company of Fray Marcos de Niza, the latter charged with leading a follow-up trip to the region of the failed Narvaez expedition. In a strange coincidence, Estevanico and others were surprised to encounter de Vaca near present-day San Antonio, Texas. By then, de Vaca had been working as a trader among the various Native Indian tribes. They resided in that region for about four years with Estevanico working as a shaman or medicine man versed in several Native Indian languages and also demonstrating his prowess as a seasoned explorer.

Estevanico must have been a strange sight to the native peoples. He rode around with a special gourd trimmed with owl feathers that signified his status. He reportedly had an entourage of some 300 natives, kept two Castillian greyhounds as pets, and possessed a special “medicine” wand with bells affixed to it said to ward off (and supposedly cure) various diseases. He also carried with him special plates made of turquoise specifically for his meals. He even had a special lodging constructed fit for a man of his stature.

Dreams of untold riches

Like the others before him, Estevanico was consumed by discovering the Seven Cities of Gold. His ultimate goal was to reach one of the seven famed cities of Cibola (near modern Zuni, NM) which was said to have streets paved with gold. When Estevanico and his entourage arrived at Hawikuh, a Zuni pueblo made of stone buildings several stories high, he expected to be treated as the man of stature he’d become accustomed to.

But the Zuni’s didn’t trust him. They especially disapproved of his gourd covered with owl feathers which were a symbol of death to that tribe. Also, his rather unusual stories about great White kings from far away further drew suspicion among the Zuni tribal leaders. There are two general accounts surrounding the fate of Estevanico. In one scenario, the Zuni people decided he was a spy (or simply a fraud) and killed him. Some accounts contend that he offended the Zuni people so much that they staged three executions eventually cutting up his body into little pieces. A second theory is that the Zunis didn’t kill him and that Estevanico staged his own death with the help of his allies, therefore finally gaining his freedom from slavery. The latter theory is supported by the fact that his body was never found.

His mysterious demise

The Zunis were asked why they killed Estevanico and they said that he claimed a huge army was following him with weapons meant to kill their tribe. Several of his Native Indian escorts reportedly escaped from the Zunis and returned to Mexico to inform Fray Marcos that Estevanico was dead. In his report to Viceroy Mendoza, Marcos said that he continued to travel north to at last enter Cibola (or Hawikuh) and upon arrival he witnessed a chief with Estevanico’s turquoise dinner plates, his two greyhound dogs, and his famed “medicine” bells.

Irrespective of his demise, Estevanico is one of many historical figures of color who manipulated their situation to move between cultures and transcend their humble beginnings. His is a true story of transformation from a slave to a man of legend evidenced by the Zunis memorializing him in a black ogre kachina (a doll measuring about a foot high with protruding teeth, a black goatee and black facial paint) which they called Chakwaina.

A legendary adventure

The tale of Estevanico is more than a story told in the oral tradition. Often, the history and contributions to society by Black persons prior to European settlement in the New World are considered less authentic and reliable in terms of literary content because it was believed Blacks did not ascribe to a written language. Estevanico did not write a diary or narrative of his exploits.

However, two small thin volumes of literature provide a wealth of information about this early explorer. John Upton Terrell published “Estevanico The Black” in 1968 and at only 115 pages, it ranks as one of the most informative books about an extraordinary figure who doesn’t always receive due attention in secondary education. In 1974, “Estebanico” was issued by Helen Rand Parish. Even smaller than Terrell’s book at 128 pages, she wrote that Estevanico could be considered “new historical history” particularly for young readers.

Also, “The Moor’s Account” by Laila Lalami (2015) provides a more fictional account of Estevanico. The author created her own back story about the events that led up to his enslavement and then fills in gaps of what we know about the Narvaez expedition that would eventually place Estevancio’s name in the history books.

No one knows where Estevanico is buried. Hawikuh no longer exists, having been abandoned in 1670 following a series of wars the Zunis fought against the Spaniards and the Apache. But Estevanico’s story, recorded in colorful detail by his fellow explorers Cabeza de Vaca, Fray Marcos, Coronado, and Pedro de Casteneda, endures as one of the great adventures in American lore.

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The Lead Up of the Five-Year Anniversary of George Floyd

BLACKPRESSUSA NEWSWIRE — The Urban League head also offered that some companies spread the support by contributing to HBCUs and civil rights organizations. The report also captures, in an Urban League written statement, how institutions, advocates, and the business community have mobilized since George Floyd’s death to advance policing reform and racial justice

Published

3 days ago

May 16, 2025

Oakland Post

By April Ryan

“Companies have not necessarily been transparent” in the corporate data collection process about their commitments following the police-involved death of 46-year-old George Floyd, says Marc Morial, President and CEO of the National Urban League. The highly publicized Floyd death almost five years ago garnered worldwide attention and protests in search of justice on May 25, 2020, deadly case. Corporations saw the massive outpouring and offered support then. However, Morial summarizes the findings: “We use publicly available data. We use commitments that people have made.” When it comes to corporate commitment to the Black community, it is a mixed bag, “I think even some that have remained committed have made cosmetic changes, have changed names of programs. They’ve dropped a program here and there. But some have maintained most of what they do,” added Morial who spoke to the audience of the Substack show The Tea with April. The Urban League head also offered that some companies spread the support by contributing to HBCUs and civil rights organizations. The report also captures, in an Urban League written statement, how institutions, advocates, and the business community have mobilized since George Floyd’s death to advance policing reform and racial justice. However, the report also traces the political and cultural backlash. It shows that some progress has reversed.

One of the most recent real-time reversals is the current request by Georgia Congresswoman Marjorie Taylor Greene, pushing for a presidential pardon of Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin. He was the first officer convicted of the death of George Floyd for kneeling on his neck at the time of his death. President Trump can only pardon federal sentences. Keith Ellison, the Attorney General of Minnesota, says it’s just “a rumor” right now. However, if a Chauvin pardon were to happen, President Trump could only pardon Chauvin of the federal prison sentence. He is currently serving 20.5 years. When it comes to the state of Minnesota, there are still 22 years left on Chauvin’s state prison sentence. Ellison feels “it would be worse” for Chauvin to be pardoned. Chauvin would be transferred to a state prison to serve his 22-year sentence. Chauvin would be expected to be segregated from the general population for 23 hours daily. Ellison went on to tell Black Press USA that if a pardon does happen, “it’s a slap in the face to the Floyd family” and the multiple cultures of people around the world that called for justice for George Floyd’s death. Ellison fears that if there is indeed outrage in the streets over a pardon for Chauvin, President Trump will try to use Martial Law and the Insurrection Act against those in the streets. Damon Hewitt, President and Executive Director of the Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under the Law tells Black Press USA President Trump’s anticipated actions against protesters is “the legal process equivalent to wiping out Black Lives Matter Plaza.” Hewitt went on to say, “It’s another way of saying Black lives do not matter.”

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Inside the Diddy Trial: What Cassie’s Testimony Reveals

BLACKPRESSUSA NEWSWIRE — Cassie Ventura’s graphic and emotional testimony in the federal sex trafficking trial of Sean “Diddy” Combs has ignited headlines, debate, and controversy.

Published

3 days ago

May 16, 2025

Stacy M. Brown

By Stacy M. Brown
Black Press USA Senior National Correspondent

Cassie Ventura’s graphic and emotional testimony in the federal sex trafficking trial of Sean “Diddy” Combs has ignited headlines, debate, and controversy. As prosecutors build their case against the hip-hop mogul, accusing him of running a criminal enterprise that exploited women, attorney and media executive Faye McCray laid out why the legal stakes are far greater than a story of a toxic relationship. “This is not a domestic violence case—this is a sex trafficking and racketeering case,” McCray said during an appearance on Black Press USA’s Let It Be Known. “And we have to be clear about that. Cassie is not the one on trial.” McCray explained that the prosecution’s strategy centers on proving that Combs used power, coercion, and manipulation—not just physical force—to control women. The defense, however, is focusing on messages and behaviors they claim show the relationship was consensual. McCray warned against oversimplifying the issue of consent. “Sometimes we think of yes or no,” she said. “But we’re not thinking of the imbalance of power and what it looks like to manipulate someone psychologically.”

Ventura’s testimony included descriptions of abuse, sexual coercion, and even returning to Combs after an alleged 2018 rape. For some watching, that raised questions about credibility. However, McCray rejected the idea that a victim must be perfect to be believed. “There are no perfect victims,” she said. “We expect a straight line, but real life and trauma aren’t like that. Especially when we’re talking about someone as powerful and beloved as Sean Combs.” McCray said the defense is leaning into that public perception. “They’ve admitted he was abusive, but they’re asking: does that rise to the level of sex trafficking and racketeering?” She noted that the prosecution appears to be laying the groundwork to show a larger system of exploitation. “We’re only scratching the surface of what could be a much bigger enterprise,” she said, adding that more charges against others could come depending on the outcome of this case. McCray also addressed the makeup of the jury—twelve highly educated individuals, including biochemists and scientists. “It raises the bar,” she said. “This jury isn’t going to be easily swayed by headlines or emotion. They’re going to want the details, the logic, the facts.”

Ventura’s honesty about cheating, drug use, and returning to Combs—details the defense is expected to use against her—could benefit the prosecution, McCray said, because they were introduced with transparency. “If the prosecution had hidden those things, the defense would’ve used that against them. But they didn’t. They’re showing the full complexity of her experience.” She also explained that Ventura’s $20 million civil settlement with Combs doesn’t prevent her testimony. “Two different cases,” McCray said. “She settled a civil suit, but criminal charges are a different matter. The charges are serious enough that she couldn’t be barred from testifying, even if he wanted to.” Some have questioned whether Ventura’s testimony—while heavily pregnant and emotionally exposed—is helping or harming her. “It’s retraumatizing,” McCray said. “There’s no doubt. But there may also be catharsis in seeing someone who harmed you be held accountable.” Still, McCray said, Ventura is opening herself up to brutal judgment. “This is why so many victims stay silent.”

Asked whether Combs might testify, McCray said it would be risky but powerful. “He’s a celebrity. He’s charming. If anyone can sell himself, it’s him. But it’s a gamble.” And while many are fixated on the salacious details—so-called “freak-offs,” escort services, and private humiliations—McCray cautioned that these allegations expose deeper questions about power in the entertainment industry. “We’ve heard for decades about how shady the music business can be,” she said. “But now we’re being forced to look at who’s been protected—and at whose expense.” McCray said the most important takeaway may be what happens next in the court of public opinion. “Viewers shape culture. How we talk about this, what we post, what we laugh at—it matters,” she said. “Survivors are watching. People in our lives who are quietly suffering are watching. And how we talk about them may decide if they ever speak.”

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WATCH Reparations NOW Resolution Introduced

WASHINGTON, D.C. – May 15, 2025 — Congresswoman Summer L. Lee (PA-12) led her colleagues in reintroducing the Reparations Now Resolution to call on the federal government to provide reparations to the descendants of enslaved Black families. The resolution seeks to advance federal reparations, support existing reparatory justice efforts such as H.R. 40, and provide further momentum […]

Published

3 days ago

May 16, 2025

Oakland Post

WASHINGTON, D.C. – May 15, 2025 — Congresswoman Summer L. Lee (PA-12) led her colleagues in reintroducing the Reparations Now Resolution to call on the federal government to provide reparations to the descendants of enslaved Black families. The resolution seeks to advance federal reparations, support existing reparatory justice efforts such as H.R. 40, and provide further momentum to reparations efforts at the state and local levels. WATCH:

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Read the bill here.

The resolution was introduced at a press conference with Congresswoman Rashida Tlaib (MI-12), Congresswoman Ayanna Pressley (MA-07), and a coalition of advocates. Former Congresswoman Cori Bush, who initially introduced the resolution, was also in attendance. The Members were joined by Dreisen Heath of Reparations Strategist and Founder of Why We Can’t Wait Reparations Coalition, Miya Iwataki of Nikkei for Civil Rights & Redress/Nikkei Progressives, Chelsea Higgs Wise, Executive Director of Marijuana Justice, Robin Rue Simmons of First Repair, Kyle Bibby, Co-CEO and Co-Founder of Black Veterans Project, and Marcus Anthony Hunter, Author, Radical Reparations: Healing the Soul of a Nation.

“As a descendant of my enslaved ancestors, I am deeply humbled to reintroduce the Reparations Now Resolution. Black folks are owed more than thoughts and prayers—we are owed restitution and justice to repair the government-sanctioned harm that has plagued our communities for generations,” said Rep. Summer Lee. “While attempts to whitewash, obstruct, and deny Black history are made, we must fight the white supremacy rampant in our country, against the rising authoritarianism, and not allow anyone to deny Black folks the ability to survive and to thrive. I thank former Congresswoman Bush for passing on the torch for this resolution and urge my colleagues to pass it without delay.”

“Today we say what too many are too afraid to say: Reparations Now. For over 400 years, this country has profited off the stolen labor, stolen land, and stolen lives of Black people, and every day that we fail to repair the harm, we compound it. Until there is repair, there will be no justice, and where there is no justice, we will continue to fight. Many thanks to Congresswoman Summer Lee for her leadership and to this movement. Without you all, this would not move forward,” said former Rep. Bush.

“For centuries, our Black neighbors have endured the brutality of slavery, the violence of white supremacy, the dehumanization of Jim Crow, and the systemic racism that has left a lasting impact on the lives of Black families in our communities,” said Rep. Tlaib. “By following through on our promise to provide reparations, Congress can begin to address the racial wealth gap, end the decades of disinvestment in communities of color, and dismantle the racist systems that have oppressed our Black neighbors for far too long.”

“Congress has a duty – an obligation – to confront past wrongs and address the centuries of enslavement, violence, and discrimination against Black people. With Donald Trump and Republicans waging a coordinated, all-out assault on Black communities, we must advance an affirmative agenda for Black America,” said Rep. Ayanna Pressley. “We are in a moment of anti-Blackness on steroids, and we will not back down in our pursuit of reparative justice. I am proud to partner with my sister-in-service, Congresswoman Summer Lee, to continue moving this critical priority forward,” said Rep. Pressley.

“The impact of slavery and generations of racist policies didn’t end with the Civil Rights Movement. We still see the consequences today in wealth inequality, in access to healthcare and education, and in the criminal justice system. That’s why I support the Reparations Now Resolution,” said Rep. Omar. “This bill is about acknowledging the truth of this country’s history and taking meaningful steps to repair the harm. This is one of many ways that we can create real change in the lives of Black families today and for generations to come.”

The Reparations Now Resolution is co-sponsored by Representatives Jasmine Crockett (TX-30), Valerie P. Foushee (NC-04), Al Green (TX-09), Jonathan Jackson (IL-01), Henry “Hank” Johnson (GA-04), LaMonica McIver (NJ-10), Ilhan Omar (MN-05), Ayanna Pressley (MA-07), Delia Ramirez (IL-03), Lateefah Simon (CA-12), Shri Thaneder (MI-13), Rashida Tlaib (MI-12), and Nikema Williams (GA-05).

The resolution is endorsed by #unifyUSA, African American Redress Network (AARN), African Ancestral Society, Alliance for Reparations, Reconciliation, and Truth (ARRT), Amnesty International USA, Athens Reparations Action, Bailey’s Cafe, Benita Raquiba Miller LLC, Black Veterans Project, BlackRoots Alliance, BLIS Collective, Breaking Generational Cycles, California Black Power Network, Campaign For Justice: Redress NOW For Japanese Latin Americans!, Center for LGBTQ Economic Advancement & Research (CLEAR), Center for Reparatory Justice, Transformation and Remediation, Community Rising Project, DC Justice Lab, Democrats Abroad Reparations Task Force (DA RTF), Descendants of Enslaved Communities of Virginia, Drug Policy Alliance, Equal Justice USA, Equality Federation, FirstRepair, FreedomRoad.us, Fund For Reparations NOW! (FFRN!), Get Free, Girls for Gender Equity, Gullah Geechee Group (GGG), Inc., Human Rights Watch, Incarcerated Nation Network, Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti, Japanese American Citizens League, Japanese American Citizens League – Portland, Japanese American Citizens League – Twin Cities Chapter, Japanese Peruvian Oral History Project, Metro Organization for Racial and Economic Equity (MORE 2), Make It Plain, Malcolm X Center for Self Determination, Middle Collegiate Church, Minidoka Pilgrimage Planning Committee, National Asian American Pacific Islander Mental Health Association (NAAPIMHA), National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations In America (N’COBRA), National Conference of Black Lawyers Reparations Research Project, National Council of Churches, National LGBTQ Task Force Action Fund, National LGBTQ+ Bar Association, National Black Justice Collective (NBJC), NETWORK Lobby for Catholic Social Justice, Network NOVA & the Virginia Grassroots, Nikkei for Civil Rights & Redress (NCRR), Nikkei Progressives/Nikkei for Civil Rights & Redress, Norml National Care Givers, Not In Our Town Princeton, Parable of the Sower Intentional Community Cooperative, Parents Across America, People’s Organization for Progress, Positive Women’s Network-USA, Progressive Democrats of America, Rebel Noires, Reclaim Roxbury, Reparation Education Project, Reparations Circle Denver, Reparations Interfaith Coalition of Massachusetts (RIC), Reparations Pledge, Reparations4Slavery, Reparatory Justice Commission, SAFES, Samuel DeWitt Proctor Conference, Sanctuary of Hope (SOH), Sistamatictheology, LLC, Soul Child Awakenings LLC, South Carolina Reparations Coalition, The NOTICE Coalition, The Taifa Group, Timelist Group, Inc., Tsuru For Solidarity, UNESCO Inclusive Policy Lab-People of African Descent & the SDGs E-Team, Unitarian Universalist Association, United By Equity, Universal Human Rights Initiative, Virago Strategies, and Why We Can’t Wait National Reparations Coalition.

“At a time when injustice is being codified and where there is an operation to erase public memory, Congresswoman Summer Lee dares to not only remember but repair. She carries forward the visionary and courageous torch lit by former Congresswoman Cori Bush—championing a reparations movement—and its demands—that is as expansive as it is urgent. From education justice to wealth building, from maternal health to environmental equity, this resolution recognizes that repair must meet us at every intersection of harm. The #ReparationsNow Resolution is not just a policy proposal — it is a movement mandate. This resolution is a light in an era of erasure and is a testament to the leadership of Black women who refuse to let this nation forget what it owes,” said Dreisen Heath, Reparations Strategist, Founder, Why We Can’t Wait Reparations Coalition.

“Reparations is more than a check. It is redress for lifetimes of losses brought on our people: loss of property, education, access to medical care, unjust imprisonment. As Japanese Americans who fought for Justice and Reparations, we are committed to work in solidarity to win Reparations for Black Americans, and to pass the Reparations Now Resolution!” said Miya Iwataki, Nikkei Progressives/NCRR Reparations Coalition, Organizer.

“Reparations Now is timely and much needed legislation. We commend and support Congresswoman Summer Lee continuing the mighty efforts inaugurated by former Representative Cori Bush,” said Dr. Marcus Anthony Hunter, Executive Director of United By Equity.

“The National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America (N’COBRA) is honored to stand with you during the historic introduction of this resolution, providing reparations to descendants of enslaved Africans and people of African descent,” said Kenniss Henry, National Co-Chair of N’COBRA.

“Human Rights Watch strongly endorses Congresswoman Lee’s reparations resolution and its urgent need to confront the enduring legacy of slavery and systemic racism in the United States. The #ReparationsNow resolution paves the way for reparative justice and addressing past harms and their resonant socioeconomic consequences. As international human rights advocates, we see this as a crucial step towards healing, accountability, and prevention of future racial injustice,” said Bria Nelson, Researcher & Advocate of Human Rights Watch.

“Reparations are not just a matter of policy—they are a matter of the morality of our nation. For too long, the dominant story in this country has denied or distorted the truth about slavery, land theft, and the economic foundations of capitalism. This resolution is a powerful step toward repairing the material harms of state-sanctioned anti-Blackness, but it is also an intervention of public memory. It affirms the truth of our history, the dignity of Black life, and the right to self-determination. At BLIS, we know that shifting public perception is essential to building the political will for reparations. We are proud to stand with Congresswoman Summer Lee and the communities who have long led this fight. Together, we are rewriting the story—and reclaiming the future,” said Trevor Smith, Executive Director, BLIS Collective.

“Reparations Now!” said Nkechi Taifa, President of The Taifa Group.

“Over 35 years ago, our country provided reparations to Japanese Americans who had been unjustly incarcerated during WWII. We are long overdue in fully coming to terms with our government’s complicity in the institution of chattel slavery and continued state sanctioned and enforced racial discrimination against Black people. The Japanese American Citizens League continues the call for our nation to once again correct an historic injustice as it did for Japanese Americans, and seek to truly respond to the harms that our government has inflicted upon the Black community in the form of reparations to bring healing for all Americans,” said David Inoue, Executive Director of Japanese American Citizens League.

“Reparations are about making equality real and creating a better future. There’s never been a more urgent time to support this resolution. While the MAGA regime tries to whitewash our history so they can whitewash our country, we’re demanding our leaders stand in the legacy of civil rights, reckon with the truth, and right longstanding wrongs so we can all get free,” said Nicole Carty, Executive Director of Get Free.

“Unitarian Universalists believe reparations are a moral and spiritual imperative. We cannot ignore the wound that persists from the theft of Black bodies, labor, culture, and dignity. The Reparations Now Resolution is a necessary and faithful step toward the healing that will only come through real repair. Our faith calls us to truth, justice, and liberation—and that means showing up with Black communities to demand accountability and showing up for the promise of a democracy for all the people, by all the people,” said Nicole Pressley, Director of Organizing Strategy.

“Respect Repair Restitution,” said Chief Egunwale Amusan, President of African Ancestral Society.

“We must support this resolution because repairing the enduring harms of slavery and systemic racism is essential to achieving a just, inclusive, and multi-racial democracy. The federal government can no longer remain silent,” said Stair Calhoun, Co-founder Network NOVA.

“May we be guided by the wisdom, love, and freedom fighting spirit of our ancestors. Asé!” said Nicolette Paige, Priestess at Soul Child Awakenings, LLC.

“The U.S. stands at a crossroads. We are choosing our future now. We cannot walk into a future with light and hope until we confess and repent of the original sin of our nation– racialized oppression. The Reparations Now resolution is more than legislation. It is a sacred act with the power to repair what racial hierarchy has wrought in our nation and in the lives of Americans of African descent,” said Lisa Sharon Harper, President and Founder of FreedomRoad.us and author of Fortune: How Race Broke My Family and the World–and How To Repair It All.

“This historic resolution forcefully argues the moral and legal necessity of why the federal government must provide reparations to descendants of enslaved Africans and people of African descent,” said Five Mualimak, Executive Director of Incarcerated Nation Network.

“The long shadow of slavery still looms over the lives of people of African descent who carry with them the transgenerational trauma and who continue to confront marginalization, exclusion and bigotry,” said Dr.Ron Daniels, Norml National Care Givers, CANNABIS, CDJ FASHION FORWARD.

“For centuries, the U.S. government carved injustice into the bones of this nation — sanctioning the theft of Black bodies, lives, and futures to build its wealth and power. The legacy of that violence lives on in every stolen opportunity and deepened divide. True justice demands more than remembrance; it demands repair. A holistic reparations program is not only a moral imperative — it is the first step in healing a wound this country has long refused to close,” said Professor Christian D. Green, National Equity Week Organizer.

“Reparations is restoration of free, sovereign, and independent personhood,” said Efia Nwangaza, Founding Director of South Carolina Reparations Coalition.

“”If I steal from you every day for 400 years, and one day announce that I will stop stealing (or steal less), my debt is not repaid. That theft of wealth, land, safety, and opportunity persists to this day, and it is time for people of privilege, like me, to meaningfully repay our debt,” said Robin A. Lloyd, Founder of Reparations Pledge.

“Gullah Geechee Land Reclaim and Retain (GGLRR) is our continuing demand – Payback Now!” said Sherry Ann Suttles, President of Gullah Geechee Group, Inc.