Terrifying news had reached Boston: the infectious, debilitating disease Smallpox had reached the colonial town and was spreading rapidly. Its first victims, passengers on a ship from the Caribbean, were shut up in a house identified only by a red flag that read “God have mercy on this house.”
Hundreds of Bostonians fled for their lives, but the 1721 epidemic wiped out more than 14% of the city’s population.
As death took over the city, an enslaved West African known only as Oneseimus suggested a potential way to keep people from getting sick. He described a process of rubbing pus from an infected person into an open wound on the arm. Once the infected substance was introduced into the body, the person who underwent the procedure was inoculated against the disease.
What Oneseimus proposed was not a vaccination, but it did trigger the recipient’s immune response and protected against the disease most of the time. Cotton Mather, the Puritan minister who had purchased Onesimus’, was intrigued by his slave’s idea. He and a doctor, Zabdiel Boylston, undertook a bold experiment to try to stop smallpox in its tracks.
In previous years, Mather didn’t trust Oneseimus, having described his behavior as “thievish,” and calling him “wicked” and “useless.” He looked down on what he called the “Devilish rites” of Africans and worried that enslaved people might learn to rebel. But after Onesimus shared with him an approach to the disease, Mather then considered Onesimus “a pretty intelligent fellow.”
Oneseimus admitted that he had had smallpox, and then didn’t. He “had an operation, which had given him something of the smallpox and would forever preserve him from it…and whoever had the courage to use it was forever free of the fear of it.”
Fascinated, Mather spoke with other slaves about this procedure, a practice he then learned had also been used successfully in Turkey and China. With the hopes that the process would further prevent smallpox, Mather began to spread the news throughout Massachusetts but had no idea how unpopular the idea would be. Mather soon felt the wrath of his fellow white Americans.
The same prejudices that caused Mather to distrust Oneseimus made the white colonists reluctant to undergo a medical procedure developed by a Black man. Mather was ridiculed, threatened and shunned by other preachers. But in 1721, when the smallpox epidemic took over Boston, Mather and Boylston got their chance to test the power of inoculation.
Boylston inoculated his son, his slaves and other residents in Boston. Of the 242 people inoculated, only six died. One in 40, as opposed to 1 in 7 deaths among the population of Boston who didn’t undergo the procedure.
Whether Oneseimus lived to witness the success of the technique he introduced to Mather is unknown. The details of his later life, other than the fact the he partially purchased his freedom, are unclear. What is clear is that the knowledge he passed on saved hundreds of lives, and led to the eventual eradication of smallpox worldwide.
Tamara Shiloh
About Tamara Shiloh
Tamara Shiloh has published the first two books in her historical fiction chapter book series, Just Imagine…What If There Were No Black People in the World is about African American inventors, scientists and other notable Black people in history. The two books are Jaxon’s Magical Adventure with Black Inventors and Scientistsand Jaxon and Kevin’s Black History Trip Downtown. Tamara Shiloh has also written a book a picture book for Scholastic, Cameron Teaches Black History, that will be available in June, 2022.
Tamara Shiloh’s other writing experiences include: writing the Black History column for the Post Newspaper in the Bay area, Creator and Instruction of the black History Class for Educators a professional development class for teachers and her non-profit offers a free Black History literacy/STEM/Podcast class for kids 3d – 8th grade which also includes the Let’s Go Learn Reading and Essence and tutorial program. She is also the owner of the Multicultural Bookstore and Gifts, in Richmond, California,
Previously in her early life she was the /Editor-in-Chief of Desert Diamonds Magazine, highlighting the accomplishments of minority women in Nevada; assisting with the creation, design and writing of a Los Angeles-based, herbal magazine entitled Herbal Essence; editorial contribution to Homes of Color; Editor-in-Chief of Black Insight Magazine, the first digital, interactive magazine for African Americans; profile creations for sports figures on the now defunct PublicFigure.com; newsletters for various businesses and organizations; and her own Las Vegas community newsletter, Tween Time News, a monthly publication highlighting music entertainment in the various venues of Las Vegas.
She is a member of:
Society of Children’s Book Writers and Illustrators (SCBWI)
Richmond Chamber of Commerce
Point Richmond Business Association
National Association of Professional Women (NAPW)
Independent Book Publishers Association (IPBA)
California Writers Club-Berkeley & Marin
Richmond CA Kiwanis
Richmond CA Rotary
Bay Area Girls Club
Tamara Shiloh, a native of Northern California, has two adult children, one grandson and four great-grand sons. She resides in Point Richmond, CA with her husband, Ernest.
Tamara Shiloh has published the first two books in her historical fiction chapter book series, Just Imagine…What If There Were No Black People in the World is about African American inventors, scientists and other notable Black people in history. The two books are Jaxon’s Magical Adventure with Black Inventors and Scientistsand Jaxon and Kevin’s Black History Trip Downtown. Tamara Shiloh has also written a book a picture book for Scholastic, Cameron Teaches Black History, that will be available in June, 2022.
Tamara Shiloh’s other writing experiences include: writing the Black History column for the Post Newspaper in the Bay area, Creator and Instruction of the black History Class for Educators a professional development class for teachers and her non-profit offers a free Black History literacy/STEM/Podcast class for kids 3d – 8th grade which also includes the Let’s Go Learn Reading and Essence and tutorial program. She is also the owner of the Multicultural Bookstore and Gifts, in Richmond, California,
Previously in her early life she was the /Editor-in-Chief of Desert Diamonds Magazine, highlighting the accomplishments of minority women in Nevada; assisting with the creation, design and writing of a Los Angeles-based, herbal magazine entitled Herbal Essence; editorial contribution to Homes of Color; Editor-in-Chief of Black Insight Magazine, the first digital, interactive magazine for African Americans; profile creations for sports figures on the now defunct PublicFigure.com; newsletters for various businesses and organizations; and her own Las Vegas community newsletter, Tween Time News, a monthly publication highlighting music entertainment in the various venues of Las Vegas.
She is a member of:
Society of Children’s Book Writers and Illustrators (SCBWI)
Richmond Chamber of Commerce
Point Richmond Business Association
National Association of Professional Women (NAPW)
Independent Book Publishers Association (IPBA)
California Writers Club-Berkeley & Marin
Richmond CA Kiwanis
Richmond CA Rotary
Bay Area Girls Club
Tamara Shiloh, a native of Northern California, has two adult children, one grandson and four great-grand sons. She resides in Point Richmond, CA with her husband, Ernest.
www.multiculturalbookstore.com
Oakland School Board Grapples with Potential $100 Million Shortfall Next Year
The school board approved Superintendent Denise Saddler’s plan for major cuts to schools and the district office, but they are still trying to avoid outside pressure to close flatland schools.
The Oakland Board of Education is continuing to grapple with a massive $100 million shortfall next year, which represents about 20% of the district’s general fund budget.
The school board approved Superintendent Denise Saddler’s plan for major cuts to schools and the district office, but they are still trying to avoid outside pressure to close flatland schools.
Without cuts, OUSD is under threat of being taken over by the state. The district only emerged from state receivership in July after 22 years.
“We want to make sure the cuts are away from the kids,” said Kampala Taiz-Rancifer, president of the Oakland Education Association, the teachers’ union. “There are too many things that are important and critical to instruction, to protecting our most vulnerable kids, to safety.”
The school district has been considering different scenarios for budget cuts proposed by the superintendent, including athletics, libraries, clubs, teacher programs, and school security.
The plan approved at Wednesday’s board meeting, which is not yet finalized, is estimated to save around $103 million.
Staff is now looking at decreasing central office staff and cutting extra-curricular budgets, such as for sports and library services. It will also review contracts for outside consultants, limiting classroom supplies and examine the possibility of school closures, which is a popular proposal among state and county officials and privatizers though after decades of Oakland school closures, has been shown to save little if any money.
How Charles R. Drew University Navigated More Than $20 Million in Fed Cuts – Still Prioritizing Students and Community Health
Named after the pioneering physician Dr. Charles R. Drew, famous for his work in blood preservation, CDU’s mission is to cultivate “diverse health professional leaders dedicated to social justice and health equity for underserved populations through education, research, clinical service, and, above all, community engagement.”
Earlier this year, when the federal government slashed more than $20 million in grants to Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science (CDU), the leadership of California’s only historically Black medical school scrambled to stabilize its finances — while protecting its staff and students.
Named after the pioneering physician Dr. Charles R. Drew, famous for his work in blood preservation, CDU’s mission is to cultivate “diverse health professional leaders dedicated to social justice and health equity for underserved populations through education, research, clinical service, and, above all, community engagement.”
The school is widely recognized as a vital pipeline for Black doctors and other health professionals throughout California.
Dr. David Carlisle (center), President of Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science (CDU), with two of the university’s students. Photo Courtesy of Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science.
Dr. Jose Torres-Ruiz, CDU’s Executive Vice President for Academic Affairs and Provost, said the university—designated as a Historically Black Graduate Institution (HBGI)—was notified in early March 2025 that most of its major grants, including the Research Centers in Minority Institutions (RCMI) award, known at CDU as the “Accelerating Excellence in Translational Science” (AXIS Grant), would be terminated. Initially renewed, the grant was later revoked because its language did not align with the current federal administration’s priorities.
The AXIS Grant provides $4.5 million per year for five years through the National Institutes of Health’s National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities. CDU quickly reallocated other funds to protect its scientists, staff, and technicians, though some personnel losses were unavoidable.
“We didn’t want to fire them because these people have expertise that takes years to gain,” Torres-Ruiz said.
The grant is crucial, he added, funding research in cancer, diabetes, and metabolic diseases that affect the Willowbrook community in South Los Angeles, training the next generation of scientists, and supporting community outreach.
Programs at the school, including its youth and teen mentoring programs reach beyond the walls of the university, impacting the lives and quality of health care of people in the surrounding community, one of the most underserved areas in Los Angeles County.
Confronted with the harsh reality of funding cuts, the university’s leadership made an early, strategic choice to honor its foundational commitment and prioritize its students. Dr. Deborah Prothrow-Stith, dean of CDU’s College of Medicine, highlighted the school’s deliberate focus on admitting students from economically disadvantaged backgrounds — many of whom are Pell Grant recipients and graduates of public high schools.
“We are staying true to our mission, finding creative ways to prioritize what’s most important,” she said. “I’m optimistic because of our students—they are dedicated and committed to service.”
In addition, the $2 million-per-year John Lewis NIMHD Research Endowment Program, intended to strengthen CDU’s research infrastructure, was terminated with three years remaining after a February 2025 freeze on nearly all federal grants for public health, education, and infrastructure projects.
Following an appeal, CDU learned in June that the RCMI grant had been fully reinstated, along with all but eight smaller grants. The university’s next priority is restoring the John Lewis Endowment.
“We are working with NIH staff to adjust the language. Certain words like ‘diversity’ and ‘equity,’ which are core values of our institution, are now under scrutiny,” Torres-Ruiz explained.
CDU has also expanded funding sources by targeting foundations and private donors. “This may happen again. We cannot rely solely on federal agencies,” Torres-Ruiz said, emphasizing the importance of building relationships with politicians and private partners.
Prothrow Stith echoed Ruiz’s perspective on cultivating multiple funding sources. “Building bridges with private foundations helps, but it doesn’t erase the disruption,” she said.
Many students rely on federal loans, CDU leaders say. Those loans are now capped at $150,000. So, most medical students graduate with $300,000–$350,000 in debt when accounting for tuition and living expenses.
To lower the burden on students, CDU is exploring options to make education more affordable, including overlapping school years to reduce annual costs.
Students like Isaiah Hoffman and Bailey Moore epitomize CDU’s values.
Hoffman, an aspiring orthopedic surgeon from Inglewood, credits Drew for inspiring his career choice. Out of 12 medical school acceptances, he chose CDU to give back to his community and continue Drew’s legacy. Hoffman also founded H.O.M.I.E.S. Inc., a nonprofit pairing Black K–12 students with mentors to support academic and personal growth.
Moore, 23, from Southeast Washington, D.C., pursued CDU to address maternal health disparities she observed in her own community – an underserved area of the nation’s capital city. “CDU pours into you. It emphasizes service, and I hope for a world without health disparities,” she said. “Drew may be small, but Drew is mighty. It was created out of necessity to save lives and empower communities.”
CDU President and CEO Dr. David Carlisle acknowledged during the Aug. 28 “State of the University” that the institution faces ongoing challenges. Political threats and grant disruptions contributed to a sizable unrestricted budget deficit, despite achievements over the past year.
Successful appeals and alternative sources of funding, led by Vice Provost Dr. Ali Andallibi, have now restored all the monies previously lost in research funding, he said.
Carlisle expressed gratitude to L.A. Care Health Plan and Sutter Health for providing multimillion-dollar scholarships and highlighted that CDU would welcome approximately 1,050 incoming students—near its highest enrollment ever. “I’m deeply grateful for the resolve, diligence, and unwavering commitment of everyone here, even when the path is not easy,” he said.
At the gathering, Carlisle referred to the sounds of ambulances passing by with blaring sirens as- the “music of healthcare,” while students and the school’s leadership attending expressed resilience in their speeches and conversations. The activities of the day captured the institution’s focus on education, service and advancing health care across disadvantaged communities in California – and beyond.
Oakland School Board Proposes Budget Solutions to Avoid State or County Takeover
After 22 years, OUSD was finally released from state receivership in July. Facing a new deficit, the district is now urgently dealing with the threat of a new state or county takeover.
Teachers’ union calls for spending plan that prioritizes classrooms and student services
By Post Staff
Seeking to avoid the threat of a state or county takeover of the Oakland Unified School District, the Board of Education has adopted recommendations designed to provide guidelines to the superintendent and administration to resolve an ongoing budget deficit for this year and the next two years.
A resolution on budget guidance was approved at the Oct. 8 board meeting by board members Rachel Latta, Jennifer Brouhard, VanCedric Williams, and Valarie Bachelor. Voting ‘no’ were board members Mike Hutchinson, Patrice Berry, and Clifford Thompson.
After 22 years, OUSD was finally released from state receivership in July. Facing a new deficit, the district is now urgently dealing with the threat of a new state or county takeover.
The board resolution passed at the Oct. 8 board meeting directs Supt. Denise Saddler and her administration to implement a hiring freeze and review openings for new positions. Other possible savings include freezing or canceling consulting contracts, reducing travel expenses, and consolidating other purchases.
Whatever the district decides, none of the possibilities will include school closures or mergers, according to the board resolution.
District staff is expected to come back in November with budget proposals for the 2026-27 school year, including restructuring the central office, reducing administrative positions, and cutting spending on consulting contracts, as well as ways to increase enrollment.
Speaking at the board meeting, Saddler said, “What I need from all of you is to hear what the parameters are of what you would like staff to look at so we can do our best work to bring you options.”
“I want to respect that every single one of you has been doing some thinking about this and writing about it and have amendments and proposals,” she continued. “I urge you to give us the outside of the puzzle so we can go forth and do our best work.”
In an interview with the Oakland Post, Williams explained that a new board was elected last November and started in January. The board approved cuts in March of over $100 million to exit state receivership. And additional cuts of $60-$80 million are requested for 2026-2027, “which means up to $180 million within a year cycle, about 20% of the annual budget, raising the risk of returning to state receivership,” he said.
According to Williams the district carried high deficits with layoffs in 2020-21, 2021-22, and 2022-23, and prior boards “kicked the can down the road” rather than dealing with the deficits.
Past board presidents Sam Davis, Mike Hutchinson, Gary Yee, and Shanthi Gonzales “did not address the problems, leaving the current board to solve them,” he said.
Further, Willliams said, Alameda County Supt. of Schools Alysse Castro and the state agency, Fiscal Crisis Management and Assistance Team (FCMAT) “gave qualified budget approvals for four years. They could have (halted) raises or spending but did not, expecting eventual cuts without mandating immediate reductions.”
As a result, he said the “board needs to make major budget decisions this year within the next few weeks due to a looming fiscal cliff and threat of state receivership.”
“Reductions cannot come solely from central office or consultants,” Williams said. “Everything is on the table, including afterschool (programs), special education, and school restructuring.”
In a statement to the community, OUSD Chief Budget Officer Lisa Grant-Dawson wrote, “The district must develop a plan to restore its reserves as we navigate through the 2025-26 budget and prepare for the 2026-27 Budget Development process. The district will present its first Interim Report in December, reflecting its revised projections for the budget and reserves, which will then be reviewed by the County.
“As we have been saying since early in the 2024-25 school year, the District is currently deficit-spending about $4 million per month, that is, spending $4 million more every month than it’s receiving in revenues. The more we do that moving forward, the more we diminish our reserves, until, eventually, we run out of money.”
“As a school district where the mission is educating children, we cannot run out of money, and the State and County won’t let that happen,” she said. “But we need to prevent it from getting to that point in the first place. The district will need to make some very difficult choices in the near future to remain financially solvent.”
According to the Oakland Education Association (OEA), the teachers’ union, which is currently negotiating with the district for a new contract, the district traditionally distorts its budget, minimizing its revenue and maximizing its expenses to avoid increasing employee wages.
In a presentation to teachers and families, OEA President Kampala Taiz-Rancifer said, “The City of Oakland has a long history of standing up for the most marginalized in our community. And we need OUSD to stand up and be a part of protecting Oakland students by really investing in our school sites.”
Continuing, she said, “Our main job in this district is to teach children, and we need OUSD to change its priorities from (spending its money) outsourcing, contracting out, and investing in top-level management to really providing a student-centered budget.”
“The district has spent too much on the wrong things, too much on outside contracting and on central office administration while also simultaneously having this history of under-projecting revenue,” she said.
“We have a vision for a student-centered budget that invests in our school,” Rancifer said. “We need to restructure the budget to prioritize students and staff, making a student-centered budget that invests in classrooms and student services.”
According to OEA, “OUSD receives nearly $1 billion yearly to fund our schools — yet only 56% of that goes to student-facing staff. Our students feel the daily impact through high teacher- and support staff- turnover. Districts like San Diego Unified prove it’s possible to do better, investing 80% of funds directly into the people who serve students.”
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